Diabetic ketoacidosis

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious, life-threatening complication of diabetes characterized by uncontrolled hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and increased ketone levels in the blood. It occurs when the body, lacking sufficient insulin to utilize glucose for energy, begins breaking down fat, producing ketones as a byproduct. The buildup of ketones leads to a dangerous increase in blood acidity. 

Here's a more detailed explanation:

Insulin Deficiency:

DKA arises when the body either doesn't produce enough insulin (as in type 1 diabetes) or the insulin is not effectively utilized (as in some cases of type 2 diabetes). 

Glucose and Ketones:

Insulin is crucial for allowing glucose to enter cells for energy. In the absence of sufficient insulin, the body turns to fat for fuel, producing ketones as a byproduct. 

Acidosis:

The buildup of ketones in the blood makes the blood acidic, a condition known as metabolic acidosis. 

Symptoms:

Early symptoms can include increased thirst and urination, high blood glucose levels, and high levels of ketones in the urine. Other symptoms may include fruity-smelling breath, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and shortness of breath. 

Severity:

If left untreated, DKA can lead to diabetic coma, brain swelling (cerebral edema), and even death. 

Risk Factors:

While DKA is more common in people with type 1 diabetes, it can also occur in people with type 2 diabetes, particularly during periods of illness, infection, or stress. 

Treatment:

DKA is typically treated in a hospital setting with insulin, fluids, and electrolyte replacement.